Necessary equipment content

• transmitter and avalanche search

• cellular phone
• lavinová probe
• quality shovel
• pharmacy
• izofólie
• žďárák
• 4 x carabine
• 2x 1,5 m , 1x 3m a 1x 5m prusik 6 mm
• knife and headlamp

  Backpack with all the necessary equipment, including clothing, snacks and thermos weighs approximately 7 kg, It's too, or little?

  Why all this?

  Just because, it will be in 99 % completely unnecessary wear on your back and carry, but in that 1 % you it will be damn handy. To do what to what and how:

  Avalanche transceiver and search engine

  All transmitters which are now available on the market operate on the principle of electromagnetic waves with frequency 457 kHz. You can meet two basic types.

  Analog device

• has only one antenna, is based on signal amplification
• usually has a lower energy intensity
• not able to accurately determine the direction to the victim
• is more accurate in the dohledávce 3 m from the buried

  Digital device

• has two, or three antennas
• determines the exact distance and direction to the victim
• for some types of problems currently with dohledávkou under three meters from the victim
• greater overall energy consumption

  
  Fig.2.: Search engines left:

• Ortovox F1: classical, highly reliable device, very popular for its simplicity
• Ortovox M1: search analog with digital display, too embarrassed device
• Arva: search analog with digital display, very simple operation and easy handling, Ideal for beginners and teaching, disadvantage is the possibility of discharge is switched off in a backpack
• BCA Tracker: currently the best digital search, determines the direction up to the victim, correction signal when multiple burial, diode display
• Baryvox Mammut: very small digital, perfect in determining the direction, worse handling for tracking, very susceptible to shocks, poměrněsložité control
• Ortovox X1: digital diode display, worst signal stability tests according to DAV
• Stubai beep: three antenna digital, new today, first reaction entirely positive

  Cellular phone

  Most mountain ranges in Europe is currently covered by the signal operator. In case of accident can inform rescue service.

  Lavinová probe Lopata

  We need a probe to determine the depth and filling the position of the body affected. Without quality shovels may be impossible extrication from avalanche. Common today are plastic shovels (see picture), However, the sheet metal and definitely holds more. Total cheap and affordable as buckets BCA,Ocún, Nicimpex, be more expensive then Ortovox. The probe sufficient attention to the stiffness. Lightweight and inexpensive probe harder layers of snow bolting, Kevlar probe I've seen broken.

  Pharmacy, izofólie, žďárák

  Devices which perform basic patient care and provide the best insulation.

  Snap hooks and loops

  Use the carabiner loops we are able in case of emergency patient transport.

  Knife and headlamp

  Two things, which would not miss its functionality in any backpack

  Avalanche accidents

  The avalanche of accidents involving several factors. If we want a brief definition, for we can identify three basic elements:

• in
• current conditions
• one

  The constant evaluation based on these three factors and Strategy 3×3 W. Müntera, about the speech today, but will not.

  One factor driving conditions, the degree of avalanche danger. It is always placed on the information pages of the, or on site emergency services. The scale is five sections, the mildest degree means a degree of risk and risk five largest. The risk, however, when moving in mountainous terrain always, as well as the following chart shows accidents and avalanches.

  

  From this graph avalanche accident involving a team registered with. Harvey in Davos, Switzerland clearly shows the third stage as the most dangerous avalanche danger. Conditions are no longer at ease, but on the other hand, is not so bad, we nevyrazili, that… You may notice, that only one percent of the accidents are in fifth grade and here was not an accident while climbing and skiing, but the valley avalanche, that hit populated valley. At the same time please note 6% for level one. It is a small percentage, but there. Hence the emphasis on, equipment that you had to deal with avalanche accidents always carry.

  As to the ground as the two main factors determine exposure and slope gradient.

  The last factor is the man. It depends how many of us moving on the slope and in particular how to move the affected terrain.

  More detailed information on exposure slope factor, addiction and the human factor has been shown in previous works.

  So now try step by step from start tours to the solution of trouble…

  At home, preparing for a hike

• prepare a planned route, I find the steepest slope of tours, landmarks
• phone, or on the Internet http://www.slf.ch/, http://www.hory.sk/ I find the current situation and forecast avalanche, You also find the weather forecast
• how many of us will go and what is the skill of my companions

  Starting a hike, in which movement is possible in vulnerable terrain landslides

• shall inspect the equipment
• checks the correct functionality of search engines and search for tours nevypínám (always checking the batteries have sufficient capacity)
• consider the current conditions, they match predictions, during this assessment is still doing tours, including the current condition of participating

  Perform a:
  One member of the group walks away and goes into transmit mode. Others around him gradually through in the search mode, and he checks his capture signal. Then switch to other broadcast and one that aired ,"Searches". If all devices are working properly controlled, and switches its transmission to. All have checked the search and broadcast mode.

  Entering into avalanche terrain endangered

• remove security straps binding
• stops an your chest and waist buckle on your bag
• sticks loosely hold in your hand, strung without straps
• wear a jacket and turn on the vents

  Backpack?: Here opinions differ. Some experts advise always discard a backpack, However, if the backpack is lightweight, but still great, can maintain our chance to increase the surface avalanche. However, if heavy, We can help to lower levels of deposition. Where is the boundary, size and weight is very difficult to define.

  Of course, the optimal ABS avalanche, but yet I have him with us especially for the price (over 20.000) met.

  I had fallen in the area of ​​avalanches and snow below me Crush, or rushing at me from above.

• if possible try to landslide, travel or escape to the side will always be faster down the slope angle, than across)
• when I got into the swirling mass of snow avalanches, I pr…., but I still can do something. In this case, I try to keep zmítáním reminiscent of swimming on the surface and above vykutálet into the mainstream.
• at the moment when an avalanche begins to slow and I'm not on the surface, so it is really bad. Anyway, if you do not lose consciousness during the "ride", Try to get the face and hands form a breathing bag. Twisting the body into a ball and getting the most for your chest area will also increase the chance.

  Note from my own experience: If you go, not too much to control your actions speak. You are only tiny little animal fighting for his life. For establishing affiliations with saliva, or other fables are almost zero chance of percentage probability. Disability usually lose consciousness almost immediately.

  
  Figure 3.: gave rise to the skier to move, lucky enough to ride down the slope at an angle, he managed to go from avalanches

  At this time begins to run time, it is relentlessly low and this is what happens already in the hands of other people.

  Survival filling avalanche

  If we are hit by an avalanche of three mechanisms of injury risk:

• mechanical injury in a landslide during the fall
• suffocation
• hypothermia

  If again, the statistics S. Harvey, looks percentage distribution of deaths and survivors of avalanche accidents follows.

  

  Perhaps you have noticed correctly, that all levels of avalanche danger does not exceed half dead with disabilities. If we came out of the Tatra statistics, it would look a little different. Those deaths would be much more.

  Why?

  First, decide terrain, in the Tatras are more frequent serious injuries and mechanical equipment. The average for the period was the dead in Switzerland in less than 60. years and even, that ski tours and ski free deals and more people. Unfortunately for us the basic equipment to deal with avalanche accidents the majority of people still missing. With the increasing number of active people, therefore increasing the percentage of wounded and the dead.

  If we develop the possibility of survival in a landslide, We can show them in the following chart. For us it also reveals, why the equipment and buddy aid in the first minutes is so important. As we subsequently give rise to risks to find avalanche victims at some point.

  t 0 – 1 minutes

  As a rule, their own "journey" in a landslide, or backfilling. At this time killed 7% affected. Due to mechanical injury is incompatible with life. The only thing we can control is to protect the most vulnerable part of the body - head. Even so it is very good to use a helmet.

  t 0 – 18 minutes: Phase survival

  There is usually decides on all. If no serious injury to survive 18 min after filling 90% affected.

  At this stage it is necessary to locate the victim as quickly as possible and free from snow cave. The primary risk is choking! It shows us Quickly find - quickly dig.

  t 18 – 35 minutes.: Phase choking

  In this time of dying without filling all air pockets. To consider any air pocket area in front of the mouth and nose, or even if the victim's airway. The term is no air pocket is only used if the oral cavity and nose filled with snow, or vomit. The space in which we assume an air pocket releasing not always hands and a shovel. Shovel could this valuable information and destroy the fragile.

  The primary risk is still choking, slowly but is connected with every minute of the risk of hypothermia. Thus, there is effective: Quickly find - quickly free up airways- Carefully loosen the collapse of.

  The survival of individuals in this stage depends on a combination of the available individual, size of air pockets, density of snow so far and other factors not fully explained. 35 live for the minute 30% buried.

  t 35 – 90 minutes: The latent phase

  At this time, can still survive for a sufficiently large air pocket. It is a time when it usually gets to the rescue. At this stage, information about air pocket even more important, than in the phase of suffocation.

  As the main risk of suffocation is still evaluating, but with every minute more and more increasing the risk of hypothermia.

  If the victim found, very carefully vyprostíme. It is based on find - relax airways - very carefully and slowly extricate.

  t 90 – 120

  Most of the survivors still die even with an air pocket suffocation and hypothermia. 120 survive only about a minute 3% affected.

  t 120 – …

  If the victim lived 120 minutes is quite a decent chance, to survive a longer period of time. There is no danger of suffocation, usually has an "open air pocket", air pocket is attached to the surrounding environment free. First is the air intake and the air exchange prevents hypothermia of the body below the critical limit.

  The main risk is clearly hypothermia.

  The longest documented survival in an avalanche in the High Tatras 1952 Čestmír Harníček 22 hours. The year before I caught something about 38 hours in a landslide in Peru, Unfortunately, however, these long times are really the exception and not the rule.

  For these paragraphs is quite clear, that if we want to help affected is the crucial first 15 minutes. The only real chance for us and the avalanche transceiver search. For all other search methods is the success 18, critical minute chance.

  For example we show a solution avalanche accident, if we have adequate facilities and, if not.

  Solution avalanche victim, an ambulance with the corresponding equipment

  1) stop and look around, if something else does not threaten you
  2) Clarify the place in which the victim was pulled down and where you last saw the victim, if it is possible to both places is marked marked
  3) Inspect avalanche, if it is not affected, or part of his body on the surface
  4) Switch your search engine in the search mode and start the search for the primary stage
  5) You captured signal, crossing the secondary phase of the search
  6) you're in the area affected,execute the trace, probe marked the affected (find the exact depth of the filling)
  7) positive contact with the probe Never remove
  Start by digging a trench rescue, you to damage the air bag
  9) as quickly as possible, try to relax airway, release from injured collapse
  10) quickly release, However, beware of the risks of injury, in particular the spine!
  11) ensure patient's vital signs
  12) contact telephone 112, direct line or rescue
  13) if injured, the basic treatment and protection against cold, to hospital for examination should always be affected
  14) really necessary only in case of emergency transport initiates the programming

  Particular attention to the classification step 12. If the avalanche risk (which is 90%) and thus, I'm saving to risk entering, contacted as a paramedic during the step 2 and 3. Your safety is paramount. Dead, or injury will not help anyone, the more so if no one knows about you.

  Beware of phone call and order, can, that at the lower end of the avalanche will not have signal!

  When filling a depth of about victim 1 m, steps can be done 1 – 10 kolem cca 5 – 15 minutes. the complexity of the terrain.

  
  Figure 4.: For further investigation will help us determine if we are able to point and point demolition of disappearance (On the) affected. The following primary search phase leading to the capture of the first signal of the affected.